ࡱ> ')&@ bjbjFF .,,6666666Jrrrr J < > > > > > > $s R Zb 6b 66w :66< < 66 Uc8r  0 JJ66666!r\b b JJN$rJJNHarnessing low-enthalpy heat in New Zealand A. G. Reyes Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences 1 Fairway Drive, Lower Hutt, New Zealand New Zealand has a wide variety of sources for low-enthalpy heat for power generation and direct utilization of heat. These are (1) hot spring systems with discharge temperatures <90oC in the North and South Islands, (2) edges or boundaries of high-enthalpy geothermal systems, (3) waste water from high enthalpy producing geothermal fields, (4) 29o to 160oC waters at >0.9 km depth in abandoned hydrocarbon wells, (5) abandoned coal mines and (6) natural heat flow from about 15 m below the surface to deeper levels. A conservative estimate of the annual extractable energy from all the low-enthalpy sources in the country is 55.7 PJ. Of these only 10% is being exploited at present, amounting to 308 MWt. New Zealand has 18 hydrocarbon basins within its 4 million sq km EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone). Of these only the Taranaki basin produces gas and oil from offshore and onshore wells. There are nearly 100 abandoned onshore hydrocarbon wells in Taranaki and 6 other sedimentary basins that can potentially provide low-enthalpy heat estimated to be at least 0.12 PJ (assuming 100 wells at a temperature of 120oC and a capacity factor of 0.15). Apart from heat, methane from several wells can also be harnessed for power generation. At present only one abandoned hydrocarbon well, located in the Taranaki basin, is being used for its low-enthalpy heat. Warm bicarbonate water (29oC) from the 910 m deep Bonithon- 1 is heated up to 33-38oC by gas and fed into the therapy and private pools of a commercial spa enterprise. The bore water is also bottled and sold as therapeutic mineral water.    E F   , / 0 F L M Q c ļļĴ|ttttihA h)CJaJhoWCJaJhCJaJhVCJaJh~%CJH*aJh~%CJaJhA hA CJH*aJhA hA CJaJhrCJaJhvXCJaJhA hCJaJhA h9CJaJhA huCJaJhA hYCJaJhWSCJaJhrCJaJ',-9fR S d e $a$gdvX$a$gdY s w c d } 013:@ABGd׻ϳ׫׫׫׫ϫϫϫϫxph~%CJaJh! CJaJhcCJH*aJhchCJaJhchcCJH*aJhchcCJaJhcCJaJhuCJaJhCJH*aJhA huCJaJhY7CJaJhCJaJhA hq:CJaJhA h9CJaJhA hWCJaJ,hhCJaJhfCJaJ,1h. A!"#$% @@@ NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH DAD Default Paragraph FontViV  Table Normal :V 44 la (k(No List ,-9fRSde000000000000x0x0x00 0    8@0(  B S  ?   0  L0  /  t O ߆    dO u u v ff}}SS  ++uu^^ V *urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplacehttp://www.5iantlavalamp.com/B *urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region; *urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsaddress:*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsStreet8*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCity    }',MP,,sw cz}',m5cA ! MvXq:XToWhQjK {XVWSW~%rfurY)Y79Rmaa@,,@M&!,,P@UnknownGz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z Arial"qh1Ģ9Ģ  i5r4d2QH)?u~New Zealand has There are more than a hundred abandoned hydrocarbon wells in the in New Zealand that can be harnessed for low- Agnes G REYES Agnes G REYESOh+'0 ,DP\p    New Zealand has There are more than a hundred abandoned hydrocarbon wells in the in New Zealand that can be harnessed for low-ew Agnes G REYESs gnegne Normal.dotEAgnes G REYESs 3neMicrosoft Word 10.0@ @^>8@\8՜.+,0 hp  o+Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences : New Zealand has There are more than a hundred abandoned hydrocarbon wells in the in New Zealand that can be harnessed for low- Title  !"#$%(Root Entry Fc8*1TableWordDocument.SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjj  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q